All posts by CPNN Coordinator

About CPNN Coordinator

Dr David Adams is the coordinator of the Culture of Peace News Network. He retired in 2001 from UNESCO where he was the Director of the Unit for the International Year for the Culture of Peace, proclaimed for the Year 2000 by the United Nations General Assembly.

Granada, Spain : The Mediation Group shows members how to put the transformative model into practice

… EDUCATION FOR PEACE …

An article from the Illustre Colegio de Abogados de Granada (translation by CPNN)

In the field of Mediation there are different schools that offer diverse procedural dynamics depending on the type of conflict in question. One of them is the transformative perspective, where the focus is on the process, and not so much on the agreement. This model was discussed during the last session of the ‘Afternoons of Mediation’ cycle organized by the Specialized Mediation Group of the Granada Bar Association on December 15.

(click here for the original version in Spanish).

Question for this article:

Mediation as a tool for nonviolence and culture of peace

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The person in charge of informing the lawyers on this matter was the lawyer and international mediator Gustavo Fariña. He was introduced by the president of the group, Margarita Manzano Enríquez de Luna. The expert began by explaining that the most efficient method for conflict resolution is the one where the interest of the parties is used as a basis. This is more effective than application of the Law or the use of power, and in this way mediation can facilitate self-determination and the humanizing power of dialogue.

Next, the speaker argued that this conflict resolution system should be standardized, installed and promoted, since it favors a more democratic and peaceful culture in society in the resolution of conflicts. It returns the leading role to the parties in making decisions in conflicts, allows the parties to develop communication skills, makes it possible to decongest the Administration of Justice, provides society with greater access to Justice and makes people feel that they have regained their own voice.

Fariña also shared with the attendees of this online conference the transformative approach, where the focus is on the transformation of the interaction in the conflict, rather than its resolution. This helps to alleviate the effects of weakness and self-absorption that caused the problem and it produces a shift towards strength and empathy.

Finally, the mediator explained the transformative practices. These include : reorienting the intervener’s mission and commitment towards conflict transformation; maximizing the choice and control of the parties in terms of content and process, to increasing the intervener’s transparency: avoiding the use of pressure, manipulation and overreaction; and promoting the conversation between the parties.

Panama : Management results in 2021 of the Coordination Office of the Community Mediation Program

… EDUCATION FOR PEACE …

An article from the government of Panama (translation by CPNN)

The Coordination Office of the Community Mediation Program presented the main results achieved during the management period corresponding to the year 2021, in order to make visible the efforts and collaborative work carried out by each of the team members.

The presentation was given by Thaiska T. Tuñón Solano, head of the Coordination Office, and community mediators from the Administration Attorney’s Office participated.

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Question for this article:

Mediation as a tool for nonviolence and culture of peace

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Tuñón highlighted that, despite the difficulties encountered in the current context generated by the public health situation, important results were attained. Among these, he highlighted the resumption of agreements with different local authorities and national and international organizations to guarantee the operation of the Community Mediation Centers, in addition to the participation in different virtual academic activities at the international level to strengthen national and international technical cooperation.

The actions carried out collaboratively with the Norwegian Council for Refugees were highlighted, as well as the sensitizations developed in the community by each of the Community Mediation Centers. Also, he mentioned that most cases continue to be initiated voluntarily, that is, that the citizen directly attends the Center to request the conflict management service without the intervention of a judge or other authority.

(click here for the original version in Spanish).

Centers for Mediation, Conciliation and Restorative Justice in the State of Mexico

… EDUCATION FOR PEACE …

An article from Hacienda Cuautitlan (translation by CPNN)

PROCESS

STAGES OF MEDIATION AND CONCILIATION

The mediation and conciliation services provided by the Center can be initiated at the request of the interested party or by referral from the Public Prosecutor’s Office or the judge who hears the matter, when the willingness of the interested parties to resolve their disputes through any of these methods is confirmed. This can begin before starting a judicial process, during the process or after it has concluded.


Click on image to enlarge.

1. REQUEST FOR MEDIATION AND CONCILIATION

The person interested in resolving their conflict through these channels must go personally or, where appropriate, through their legal representative with power of attorney to the State Center headquarters closest to their home with the original and a simple copy of their official identification , as well as the location data of the person you want to invite (full name, address and telephone number, if you know it).

If you wish to expedite this service, you can have the Service Request Form printed with the requested data.

2. START OF THE MEDIATION OR CONCILIATION PROCESS

Each Center has Secretaries or Operational Secretaries, who will verify if the conflict is susceptible to mediation, conciliation or subject to a restorative process, in accordance with the law. If so, a file is started that includes the data of both parties.

Finally, you will be provided with the date for the initial mediation or conciliation session, the corresponding file number and the name of the Mediator-Conciliator or Facilitator who will assist you.

The Secretary and/or Operational Secretary will make the invitation and turn it over to the Social Worker so that he/she invites the other person or persons to attend on the scheduled date; In addition, he reports the matter to the Mediator-Conciliator and Facilitator who will be responsible for assisting him.

3. INVITATION

A social worker comes to the house of the invited person delivers the invitation, letting him know that there is a person interested in discussing the conflict in common to seek alternative solutions, through mediation or conciliation.

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(click here for the original version in Spanish).

Question for this article:

Mediation as a tool for nonviolence and culture of peace

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4. MEDIATION AND/OR CONCILIATION SESSIONS

On the date and time indicated to the parties, the Mediator-Conciliator assigned to the matter waits for the parties.

If both parties show up, the session will begin, which takes place in a private and comfortable space. On the first occasion, the Conciliatory Mediator explains the purposes of the procedure, the rules that allow a respectful dialogue and ascertains the willingness of the parties to seek a solution to their dispute.

The Mediation or Conciliation sessions are oral and all that are necessary for the resolution of the conflict are carried out.

In each session, the people involved will have the opportunity to actively intervene, by expressing their needs, emotions, feelings and proposals, in an environment of trust, cordiality and respect guided by the assigned Mediator-Conciliator.

If the parties reach one or several points of agreement, it will be recorded in an agreement, a copy of which is given to those involved.

5. CONCLUSION OF THE MEDIATION OR CONCILIATION

In accordance with the Regulation of the Law of Mediation, Conciliation and Promotion of Social Peace for the State of Mexico, the request may be inadmissible or the mediation, conciliation or restorative justice procedure may be terminated, in case it becomes evident that the process of the alternative method is based on dishonest presentations.

6. AGREEMENT AUTHORIZATION

The head of the Mediation and Conciliation Center must ensure that the agreement does not contain dishonest consent, that it does not contravene morality or public order provisions, as prerequisites for its authorization.

When agreements are reached, they are signed by all the interested parties, include the fingerprints of the signatories, the signature of the Mediator-Conciliator who intervened and, finally, the signature of the head of the Mediation and Conciliation Center and the institutional seal.

7. EFFECTS OF JUDICATION

Once the agreement or agreement has been signed and authorized, it will have the same effectiveness between the parties as res judicata, and may be executed, in the event of non-compliance, by way of enforcement, provided for in the Code of Civil Procedures of the State of Mexico.

8. BREACH OF AGREEMENT

In case of non-compliance with the agreement, the parties have the right to choose whether to proceed to its execution by way of enforcement before the competent judge; or they initiate a new mediation or conciliation process.

http://www.pjedomex.gob.mx/conciliacion/#

Indian Ministry of Law and Justice : The Mediation Bill, 2021

… EDUCATION FOR PEACE …

A project of law from PRS India

 The Mediation Bill, 2021 was introduced in Rajya Sabha on December 20, 2021.  Mediation is a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), where parties attempt to settle their dispute (outside courts) with the assistance of an independent third person (mediator).  The Bill seeks to promote mediation (including online mediation), and provide for enforcement of settlement agreements resulting from mediation.  Key features of the Bill include:

° Applicability: The Bill will apply to mediation proceedings conducted in India where: (i) all parties reside in, are incorporated in, or have their place of business in India, (ii) the mediation agreement states that mediation will be as per this Bill, or (iii) there is an international mediation (i.e., mediation related to a commercial dispute where at least one party is a foreign government, a foreign national/resident, or an entity with its place of business outside India).  In these cases, if the central or state government is a party, the Bill will only apply to: (a) commercial disputes, and (b) other disputes as notified by such government.

° Pre-litigation mediation: In case of civil or commercial disputes, a person must try to settle the dispute by mediation before approaching any court or certain tribunals as notified.  Even if the parties fail to reach a settlement through pre-litigation mediation, the court or tribunal may at any stage of the proceedings refer the parties to mediation if they request for the same.

° Disputes not fit for mediation: Disputes not fit for mediation include those: (i) relating to claims against minors or persons of unsound mind, (ii) involving prosecution for criminal offences, (iii) affecting the rights of third parties, and (iv) relating to levy or collection of taxes.  The central government may amend this list of disputes.
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Question for this article:

Mediation as a tool for nonviolence and culture of peace

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° Mediation process: Mediation proceedings will be confidential.  A party may withdraw from mediation after the first two mediation sessions.  The mediation process must be completed within 180 days (even if the parties fail to arrive at an agreement), which may be extended by another 180 days by the parties.  In case of court annexed mediation (i.e., mediation conducted at a mediation centre established by any court or tribunal), the process must be conducted in accordance with directions or rules framed by the Supreme Court or High Courts.

° Mediators: Mediators only assist the parties to settle their dispute, and cannot impose a settlement on the them.  Mediators may be appointed by: (i) the parties by agreement, or (ii) a mediation service provider (an institution administering mediation).  Mediators must disclose any conflict of interest that may raise doubts on their independence.  Parties may then choose to replace the mediator.

° Mediation Council of India: The central government will establish the Mediation Council of India.  The Council will consist of a chairperson, two full-time members (with experience in mediation or ADR), three ex-officio members (including Secretaries in the Ministries of Law and Justice and Finance), and one part-time member (from an industry body).  Functions of the Council include: (i) registration of mediators, and (ii) recognising mediation service providers and mediation institutes (providing training, education and certification of mediators).

° Mediated settlement agreement: Agreements resulting from mediation must be in writing, signed by the parties and authenticated by the mediator.  Such agreements will be final, binding, and enforceable in the same manner as court judgments (except agreements arrived at after community mediation).  Mediated settlement agreements (besides those arrived at in court referred mediation or by Lok Adalat or Permanent Lok Adalat) may be challenged only on grounds of: (i) fraud, (ii) corruption, (iii) impersonation, or (iv) relating to disputes not fit for mediation.

° Community mediation: Community mediation may be attempted to resolve disputes likely to affect the peace and harmony amongst residents of a locality.  It will be conducted by a panel of three mediators (may include persons of standing in the community, and representatives of RWAs).

° Interface with other laws: The Bill will override other laws on mediation (except certain laws such as the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, and the Industrial Relations Code, 2020).  The Bill also makes consequential amendments in certain laws (such as the Indian Contract Act, 1872, and the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996). 

Council of Europe : Ministerial Conference on restorative justice concludes with the signature of the Declaration of Venice

. . DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATION . .

An article from the Council of Europe

Encouraging the use of restorative justice, especially when the offences involve minors, and considering it an essential part of training for legal professionals are two of the main recommendations made to the Council of Europe by the Ministries of Justice of the organization’s Member States who took part in the Conference of Ministers of Justice, on the theme of restorative justice, in Venice on 13th and 14th December.

Discussion question

Restorative justice, What does it look like in practice?

Organised within the scope of the Semester of the Italian Presidency of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, the conference “Crime and Criminal Justice – The Role of Restorative Justice in Europe” enriches the program of initiatives supporting the construction of a people-orientated future through the promotion of a citizen-friendly juridical system, one of the three priority areas for Italy’s Presidency. As part of this wider context, restorative justice supports the function of the sentence, both as an opportunity for rehabilitation of the offender and for recovery of the victim.

The two-day Ministerial Conference concluded with the signing of the Venice Declaration, a joint document that stimulates policies aimed at a wider dissemination of restorative justice, access to which “should be an objective of the national authorities”. There were two days of reflections, analysis and testimonies on the topic, such as those offered by Albie Sachs, the former Judge of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, and by Professor Pumla Gobodo Madikizela of Stellenbosh University, who participated online. Both who shared their own accounts of reconciliation experienced in South Africa under Apartheid.

At the opening and closing of the meetings there were two speeches by the Minister of Justice Marta Cartabia, who defined restorative justice as “a new form of justice for the benefit of the victims, the perpetrators of the crime and for the whole society, which can rebuild the social bonds destroyed by crime. Restorative justice – she concluded – is not a utopia but derives from concrete experiences that have already taken place in many states”.

Conakry: former deputies launch a new coalition for peace, rights and development, COFEPAD-Guinea

. WOMEN’S EQUALITY .

An article from Guinee Matin (translation by CPNN)

Former members of the National Assembly of Guinea have created a platform, called “Coalition of women parliamentarians and actors for peace, rights and development in Guinea” (COFEPAD-Guinea). This organization was announced by a public declaration issued this Friday, January 7, 2022 in Conakry.


video of the press conference

COFEPAD-Guinea is led by Dr. Zalikatou Diallo, former MP and former Minister of Citizenship and National Unity, and its vice-presidents are Dr. Hadja Aïssata Daffé and Ms. Nanfadima Magassouba. Its main objective is to contribute effectively to the preservation and consolidation of achievements in the defense of the rights of women, children and vulnerable people in the Republic of Guinea.

DECLARATION

We, the women who have participated in the various legislatures of the National Assembly of the Republic of Guinea, as well as we, actors working for peace, the defense of the rights of women, children and vulnerable people, have taken the initiative to the establishment of the COALITION OF WOMEN PARLIAMENTARIANS AND ACTRESSES FOR PEACE, RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT IN GUINEA (COFEPAD-GUINEA).

The launch of the activities of this Coalition, whose head office is located in Conakry, in the Commune of Ratoma, in the district of Lambanyi, has as its primary objective to contribute effectively to the preservation and consolidation of achievements in the defense of the rights of women, children and vulnerable people in the Republic of Guinea.

COFEPAD-GUINEA has the following essential mission:

– Allow its members to interact in order to pursue the noble and exalting struggle for gender equality and the consideration of the gender dimension at all levels of the Guinean Nation, while promoting lasting peace, a society of cohesion, a culture of good citizenship and the other values ​​necessary for the socio-economic development of Guinea.

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(Click here for the original French version)

Questions for this article

Can the women of Africa lead the continent to peace?

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– Contribute to the maintenance and consolidation of achievements in favor of Guinean women in legal texts, favorable to gender equality, in order to enable Guinea to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG): Nations Nations No. 5 as well as the provisions of the Maputo Protocol of the African Union, adopted on July 11, 2003 in Maputo and entered into force since November 25, 2005.

– Carry out advocacy and lobbying actions at the level of the authorities and bodies of the Transition, with a view to amending all provisions that discriminate against women and vulnerable people. Promote ctions that contribute significantly to the implementation of UN Resolution 1325 and its related resolutions.

– Recommend the strict application of criminal sanctions against perpetrators of rape and conduct awareness campaigns to reverse this trend in Guinean society.

– Work to strengthen lasting peace and national unity in the Republic of Guinea by an extensive awareness campaigns at all levels, supported by a synergy of action between our Coalition and the administrative and local authorities, as well as other actors involved in the same dynamic. These actions should put Guinea on track to achieve the SDGs by 2030, as well as the African Union’s Agenda 2063. In particular with regard to Aspiration No. 6, namely: “An Africa whose development is people-driven, which relies on the potential of its people, especially women and young people, who care about the well-being of children.

In order to achieve the results produced, the members of COFEPAD-GUINEA propose a strategic plan accompanied by an action plan in accordance with the statutes of the Coalition.

Through multiple activities, COFEPAD-GUINEA proposes to :

– Contribute to strengthening a durable culture of peace, a sine qua non condition for the harmonious and balanced development of Guinea;

– Strengthen the partnership between men and women and the capacities of the members of the Coalition to better fulfill their missions of defending women’s rights while preserving what has already been achieved;

– Harmonize and strengthen partnership with other national and international institutions, organizations, and networks that promote gender equality;

To enable it to achieve this panoply of objectives, COFEPAD-GUINEA count son the support of administrative authorities, national and international institutions, as well as collaboration with NGOs defending the rights of women, children and vulnerable people in Guinean society.

Long live the women of Guinea

Long live gender equality

Long live peace, unity and the development of Guinea

May God bless Guinea and all Guineans

Amen!

Spain : Films for peace – ten years of MUSOC

EDUCATION FOR PEACE .

An article by Pablo Batalla Cueto in Lamarea86

A meeting place between cinema, social activism and critical thinking, which seeks to deepen the knowledge of human rights and the culture of peace: this is how MUSOC, the Social Film and Human Rights Exhibition, is presented ; a cinematographic event organized by Acción en Red Asturies. The event is supported by more than 40 organizations and groups and it has become an increasingly well-known reference –in Asturias and outside it– of the cultural programming related to the art of the cinema.


A frame from the film ‘Six Days Current’.

This year marks the decade anniversary : a special edition that will once again be displayed by several Asturian municipalities and educational centers in the region with film screenings (with the thematic sections Outskirts, Another Station, Creators looking to the South, Transits and Daughters of Guy) as well as some parallel activities: his Visible Dialogues , a colloquium between filmmakers, activists and the public; the MUSOCeduca pedagogical project, consisting of the dissemination of human rights and peace culture in eighty schools; and the delivery of the Chema Castiello Award.

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(Click here for the original Spanish version of this article.)

Question for this article:

Film festivals that promote a culture of peace, Do you know of others?

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The inauguration is on Friday, January 7. It will open the exhibition Six days current , directed by Neus Ballús, winner of the Chema Castiello 2022, Espiga de Plata in the last Valladolid Festival. The film features three workers from a small plumbing and electricity company on the outskirts of Barcelona. One of the workers, of Moroccan origin, has to demonstrate for a week that he is ready to be the replacement for his partner Pep after his retirement and dissolve the doubts of Valero, the other partner, who doubts that those who require the services of the small company will accept a worker from the Maghreb in their homes . 

On successive days, and until January 30, MUSOC attendees will be able to see films such as Mali Twist, by Robert Guédiguian, a film set in the revolutionary Bamako of the sixties, which will be screened at the Niemeyer Center in Avilés ; As Far As I Can Walk, by Stefan Arsenijevi ?, starring a Ghanaian migrant who meets his wife in a Serbian refugee center, which can be seen at the Philharmonic Theater in Oviedo on the 18th; or, at the Riera Theater in Villaviciosa, Nora’s Awakening, by Leonie Krippendorf, about the adolescent infatuation of two young Berlin girls, Nora and Romy.

Other films concern the trans pioneer and activist against AIDS Connie Norman, the rural exodus in Kenya, the criminalization of abortion in El Salvador, the life of the last republican mayor of Seville and the dramas about Kosovo, Mexico and India.

Oviedo, Gijón, Avilés, Cangas de Onís, Langreo, Siero, Navia, Castrillón, Villaviciosa and Llanes are the participating towns, distributed from west to east throughout the region, of this edition. They take into account the current pandemic by the observance of the COVID-19 protocols, with accesses and exits to the spaces in an orderly and staggered manner and the obligation to use a mask and hydroalcoholic gel.

Creativity, diversity, freedom, reflection and commitment: these are the values to which this festival seeks to embrace; these virtues are essential in increasingly tough times. Hence the title of another of the films in this MUSOC, which will be screened in Navia on the 13th: A Little Plan… How to Save the World.

Mexico: The government integrates the Mayan Train in the program Promotion of the Culture of Peace and Reconstruction of the Social Fabric

. . SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT . .

An article from Polìtico MX

The Ministry of the Interior (Segob), has reached an agreement with the Undersecretariat of Democratic Development, Social Participation and Religious Affairs, and the National Fund for the Promotion of Tourism (Fonatur) for the integration of 13 municipalities on the route of Mayan Train in the program Promotion of the Culture of Peace and the Reconstruction of the Social Fabric.


Editor’s note: But the route is being contested by some of the indigenous communties that will be displaced.

The project reinforces the indigenous consultation process, according to the agency’s statement. In this way, it seeks to guarantee a state of well-being and security in the communities that are part of the development plan.

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(Click here for the Spanish version)

Questions related to this article:
 
How can tourism promote a culture of peace?

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Segob explained that among the municipalities that are integrated into the program are:

Quintana Roo: Isla Mujeres, Benito Juárez, Solidaridad, Tulum, Felipe Carrillo Puerto

Tabasco: Tenosique, Balancán

Campeche: Candelaria, Escárcega

Yucatan: Mérida, Maxcanú, Valladolid,

Chiapas: Palenque

The program for the Promotion of the Culture of Peace and the Reconstruction of the Social Fabric seeks to promote actions among local communities, municipalities, and the Government of Mexico to meet the 2030 sustainable development objectives, specifically those that refer to the reduction of inequalities; generation of spaces for equality and eradication of gender violence, as well as guaranteeing peace, security and justice to the communities.

Segob and Fonatur carried out a work tour in the last months of 2021, holding meetings with the municipal presidents to explain the program and to establish actions to coordinate their collaborative work.

Dominican Republic: 11 Thousand People Train in Conflict Resolution and Culture of Peace in 2021

… EDUCATION FOR PEACE …

An article in El Nuevo Diario

The National Conflict Resolution System (Sinarec), reported this Tuesday (January 4) that in the past year 2021 it trained more than 11 thousand people in its citizen education programs for alternative conflict resolution and culture of peace. The programs are aimed at community leaders, members of the Public Ministry and administrative personnel of the public prosecutor’s offices of the country and abroad.

Sinarec highlighted that the trainings consisted of workshops, discussions, conferences, round tables, diplomas and specialized courses in mediation, alternative conflict resolution, culture of peace, human rights and non-violent communication, among other methods of violence reduction. .

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(click here for the original version in Spanish).

Question for this article:

Mediation as a tool for nonviolence and culture of peace

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It was indicated that these preventive actions served as an extension to the daily work of Sinarec, which mediates between parties in conflict, providing guidance and support to reach agreements that avoid the need for judicial prosecution.

Sinarec added that during the year just ended, the mediators received hundreds of citizens and achieved peaceful resolutions in 90% of the cases.

In a statement, it was pointed out that these services are permanently available at the agency’s headquarters, located at 237 Barney Morgan Street, in the Luperón expansion, under rigorous measures. of biosafety and with the participation of personnel trained in mediation.

The director of Sinarec, Petronila Rosario Adames, explained that with the endorsement of the Institute of Higher Education National School of the Public Ministry, 78 members of the career of the Dominican and Chilean Public Ministry participated virtually and completed the diploma in Conflict Management and Mediation .

She added that participants included 315 professional members of the Dominican Association of Psychology (Asodopsi), the Integral Ethnic Foundation (Lafei), Dominican Association of Teachers (ADP), members of the National Police, community and ecclesiastical leaders.

Rosario Adames emphasized especially the Youth Mediation and Restorative Practices course, taught to 45 adolescents inmates at the Comprehensive Care Center for Adolescents in Conflicts with the Criminal Law (CAIPACLP), in Manoguayabo, where there was a positive change in the behavior of the participants after receiving training in peer mediation.

Colombia: Forum in the Valle del Cauca commemorates the five years of the signing of the Peace Agreement

FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION . .

An article from Government of Valle del Cauca

On November 23, 2021, the Secretariat for Territorial Peace and Reconciliation of the Government of Valle del Cauca, in its mission to promote spaces for reconciliation between the various actors of the armed conflict and generate a culture of sustainable peace, held the forum “Towards a Colombian countryside”. The forum looked at the Final Peace Agreement from the perspective from Valle del Cauca, five years after the signing of the Final Agreement. The Forum was held in alliance with the Truth Commission, the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP), the ConPaz de la Pastoral program Social – Cáritas Colombiana, the Tuluá Mayor’s Office, the national initiative Tejiendo un Acuerdo para la Vida and the Central Unit of Valle del Cauca (Uceva).

Questions related to this article:

What is happening in Colombia, Is peace possible?

The event allowed the active participation of farmers, peasants, victims of the armed conflict, the reincorporated population and members of civil society.

An interdisciplinary and inter-institutional environment was fostered, allowing the exchange of knowledge regarding the implementation of Point 1 of the Final Agreement for the Termination of the Conflict and the Construction of a Stable and Lasting Peace, five years after its signature.

With this review of the event, the Secretariat for Territorial Peace and Reconciliation reaffirms its commitment to continue working for peace and reconciliation, fostering spaces for the exchange of knowledge, where different views are shared that generate reflection and dialogue around the implementation of the Final Peace Agreement.


Download here
the review document that collects the perspectives of the dialogues held at the event.

(Click here for a Spanish version of this article.)